Relationships Among the Feeding Behaviors of a Mirid Bug on Cotton Leaves of Different Ages and Plant Biochemical Substances

Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) (Hemiptera: Miridae) tends to feed on young plant tissues. To explore the relationship between stylet probing behaviors of adult A. lucorum and conditions of cotton leaves, we conducted an experiment using electropenetrography (EPG). Behaviors were recorded on four cotton varieties, in relation to thickness and biochemical traits of differently-aged leaves. Cotton leaf age had a significant effect on the probing behavior of A. lucorum but cotton variety did not. One-day-old leaves of A. lucorum received the highest mean number of stylet probes (penetrations) per insect, and longest mean durations per insect of combined stylet probing or its components, cell rupture and ingestion behaviors. All of the leaf traits (thickness and biochemical substances) were similar among these four cotton varieties. Leaf thickness had a significantly negative effect on the same four variables above. Gossypol and tannin also had a negative impact on combined probing duration. Redundancy analysis showed that the four EPG variables were closely related to nutrient substances (amino acids, sugar, and water) while they had the opposite relationship with plant defense substances (gossypol and tannin). On cotton in the seedling stages, A. lucorum fed more readily on the youngest, thinnest leaves in our no-choice EPG experiments. Nutrients and chemical resistance substances determined the probing duration of A. lucorum. Our findings can contribute to better understanding of patterns of feeding and host consumption by A. lucorum, ultimately improving cotton resistance to A. lucorum.     

农林复合模式耗水特征的数值模拟——模型的建立与检验

运用土壤—植物—大气水分传输理论，建立农林复合模式的土壤分层水量平衡模型。主要公式有：土壤蒸发与植被蒸腾、林木与小麦根系吸水、土壤层次间的水分交换及植被冠层截留量等水分要素的计算。模型的求解采用数值计算法，并利用０～２００ｃｍ土壤容积含水量的实测值进行验证。研究表明：可以利用所建立的模型，模拟计算林带与小麦根系吸水量、林带与农田蒸散耗水量、林带影响农田土壤水分范围与程度。     

大豆多肽对西洋参生物生长量与人参皂苷Rb1含量的影响

研究大豆多肽对西洋参(Panax quinquefoliusL.)生物生长量和人参皂苷Rb1含量的影响。将大豆多肽2号粉和3号粉分别配制成高、中、低3种浓度的水溶液,以叶面喷洒与根部灌注的方式,对生长3年的西洋参进行实验;同时观察生物生长量和人参皂苷Rb1的变化并总结规律。大豆多肽2号粉4mg/ml浓度根部灌注对西洋参生物生长量与人参皂苷Rb1增加作用最明显。研究结果为提高西洋参产量与质量提供理论依据,在西洋参的栽培种植中起到了实践指导作用。     

Characterization of common bean wild populations for their in situ conservation in Northwestern Argentina

In situ conservation of wild species is a method of conservation that allows keeping populations in their natural environments, and set the strategies for maintaining the natural populations. The Active Bank of Northwestern Argentina (BANOA) is in charge of the in situ conservation of wild populations of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Northwestern Argentina (NOA), and has an ex situ collection of 401 landraces and 221 wild accessions from the NOA. We evaluated the phenotypic diversity of 68 common bean wild populations from the NOA both in protected and unprotected areas, finding a moderate variation among them. Ten phenotypic reproductive characteristics related to pod and seed displayed significant differences in the analysis of variance; these traits together with the seed weight were the basis for the multivariate analysis. The cluster analysis ordered the populations in 12 groups but trends in geographical distribution or phenotypical variation were not recognized. For the conservation in situ of the wild bean populations, their diversity should be considered. Two types of populations can be highlighted: (i) candidates for in situ conservation in order to preserve the novel variation generated by convergence with cultivated sympatric germplasm (populations 433, 437, 471, 509, 513 and 517) and (ii) those whose phenotype represents clearly the wild status and should be preserved in situ as such in their current status (populations 480, 495, 496, 525 and 533).     

基于PLC的碟式太阳自动跟踪控制系统研究

由于太阳辐射方向的时刻改变和太阳辐射能的不稳定性,导致碟式太阳能发电系统利用率始终较低。为了解决这个问题,本文提出了一种基于PLC控制的全天候自动跟踪方式,利用光照强度与光照强度阈值的差值作为跟踪方式切换的判据,不仅消除了程序跟踪造成的累积误差,而且避免了光电传感器在阴天或多云时无法工作的问题。为保证系统在任何天气情况下均可稳定运行,信息反馈元件增加了风速传感器、温度传感器及倾角传感器。另外,在设计系统硬软件时,采取了一系列措施来进一步降低系统运行成本。     

Physiological Response of Multiple Contrasting Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars to Suboptimal Temperatures

The physiological response of multiple rice cultivars, eighteen initially and eight cultivars later on, to suboptimal temperatures (ST) conditions was investigated in laboratory and outdoor experimental conditions. Treatment with ST decreased growth in different extents according to the cultivar and affected the PSII performance, determined by chlorophyll fluorescence fast‐transient test, and stomatal conductance, regardless the experimental condition. Two groups of cultivars could be distinguished on the base of their growth and physiological parameters. The group of cultivars presenting higher growths displayed optimal JIP values, and higher instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE_i), due to a lower Gs under ST, unlike cultivars showing lower growth values, which presented worse JIP values and could not adjust their Gs and hence their WUE_i. In this work, we detected at least two cultivars with superior tolerance to ST than the cold tolerant referent Koshihikari. These cultivars could be used as parents or tolerance donors in breeding for new crop varieties. On other hand, positive and significant correlations between data obtained from laboratory and outdoor experiments suggest that laboratory measurements of most of the above mentioned parameters would be useful to predict the response of rice cultivars to ST outdoor.     

三江平原井灌水稻水分生产函数模型及敏感指数变化规律研究

通过田间试验，按照井灌水稻生充阶段设置不同处理水平模式，通过不同模型分析选择。建立了适合三江平原地区井灌水稻的水分生产函数模型。并对敏感指数在全生育期内变化规律做进一步研究。为井灌水稻非充分灌溉条件下的灌溉制度优化提供基础依据。     

杂种落叶松不同子代针叶内抗氧化酶活性的比较

为研究不同品种杂种落叶松针叶内抗氧化酶活性的差异,用紫外分光光度法对日本落叶松、兴安落叶松和长白落叶松的杂交后代,共2代7个家系的杂种落叶松针叶内的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性及其差异进行比较分析。结果表明:2代7个家系杂种落叶松针叶内的CAT、POD和SOD的活性差异极显著(P<0.01),F1代CAT、SOD的活性普遍高于F2代,POD活性低于F2代。在抗氧化酶方面,F1代杂种优势高于F2代,F1代日3×兴2、F2代日12×兴9等具有较好的潜在抗虫性;结合其他抗虫生理指标,该研究结果在选育落叶松抗虫品种过程中有参考价值。     

Evaluation of genetic variation among wild rice populations in Cambodia

A total of 448 samples in five natural populations of wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) were collected in Cambodia. They were examined using 12 SSR and two chloroplast markers to evaluate the degree of variation among populations and the genetic structure within populations. In the two annual populations, the number of plants with homozygous alleles at all 12 SSR loci were high (66.3% and 79.5%), suggesting that these plants propagate mainly through self-pollination. In the three perennial populations, no individuals had all homozygous genotypes, but redundant genotypes resulted from clonal propagation were observed. Percentages of the redundant genotypes were highly varied (3.6%, 29.2% and 86.0%). This may be due to the different stable levels of environmental conditions. As for chloroplast genome, most of the wild plants showed the same chloroplast types as most Indica-type cultivars have. However, plants with different chloroplast types were maintained, even in the same population. In tropical Asian countries, many wild rice populations were observed under similar ecological conditions examined in this study. Therefore, the present results concerning population structure will be important to further elucidate genetic features of wild rice, and will also give strong clues to utilize and conserve wild natural genetic resources.     

Demographic factors associated with the diet quality of older US men: baseline data from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study

OBJECTIVE: Throughout the world, the proportion of the male population aged 65 years and older is increasing. Yet, we have limited information regarding diet quality and predictors of diet quality in this segment of the population. The objectives of the current analyses are to describe the diet quality of a cohort of men >65 years of age, and identify lifestyle factors associated with poor diet quality. METHODS: We present a cross-sectional analysis of the diet quality of 5928 men, aged 65-100 years, who are participants in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) cohort study. Dietary intake was determined using a modified Block 98 food-frequency questionnaire. Diet quality was calculated using the previously validated Diet Quality Index-Revised (DQI-R). Univariate and multivariate modelling was used to estimate the variance in diet quality predicted by a number of sociodemographic factors, including age, race/ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), marital status, education, smoking status, physical activity, self-perceived health and nutritional supplement use. RESULTS: Overall, we found that in this geographically diverse group of older men, diet quality was low, with a mean modified DQI-R for the entire study population of 62.5 (standard deviation 13.1) out of an ideal of 100. Further, younger age, very low total calorie intake (< or = 1187 kcal day- 1), higher BMI, residence in a North or Southeast community, being of African-American or Hispanic race, being less educated, not using dietary supplements and smoking were each significant independent predictors of a poorer diet. CONCLUSION: These data may prove useful in both understanding the dietary intake of older US men as it relates to published dietary guidelines, and for targeting future dietary intervention programmes.